Gold was found at Bidwell Bar, one of the first gold mining sites in California, bringing thousands of prospectors to the Oroville area seeking riches. The City of Oroville was incorporated on January 3, 1906. The town was originally named ' Ophir City', but was later changed to Oroville when the first post office opened in 1854 ( oro is the Spanish word for 'gold'). During the California Gold Rush, it was created as the Feather River's head of navigation to serve gold miners. Oroville is located on the banks of the Feather River, which flows from the Sierra Nevada onto the flat floor of the California Central Valley.

Oroville has also been declared a Tree City USA for 41 years by the National Arbor Day Foundation. Oroville's nickname is the 'City of Gold', which is essentially the Spanish name of the city in English. The city of Chico is located about 23 miles (38 kilometers) northwest of the city, and the state capital of Sacramento lies around 70 miles (112 kilometers) to the south. Oroville is located adjacent to State Route 70, and is in close proximity to State Route 99, which connects Butte County with Interstate 5. The Berry Creek Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California is headquartered in Oroville. Oroville is considered the gateway to Lake Oroville and Feather River recreational areas. In 2020, the 2020 census recorded the population of Oroville at 20,042. Following the 2018 Camp Fire that destroyed much of the town of Paradise, the population of Oroville increased as many people who lost their homes relocated to nearby Oroville. The population of the city was 15,506 at the 2010 census, up from 13,004 in the 2000 census. Oroville ( Oro, Spanish for 'Gold' and Ville, French for 'town') is the county seat of Butte County, California, United States.

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